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The owners of Mahavir Gems have been in the business of purchasing and selling high-quality gemstones for over 20 years. Through the years we have maintained strong trading relationships with source suppliers from various fields. Ruby gems from Burma (Burmese Ruby), Thailand, Africa, India, Blue, Pink, yellow and fancy sapphire from Burma, Africa, Thailand, India, Blue star Sapphire and Star ruby Various colours of Tourmaline ( pink, colourless, green, yellow, purple, black, brown, blue, red, blue green tourmalines, ......) Rubelite, achroite, schrol, verdelite, siberite, indicolite, dravite, chrome tourmaline & pariba) Various colours of Spinel, Red Spinel, Orange Spinels, Ghano Spinels, Blue Spinels, Purple Spinels, from Burma, Opal from Australia, Multi Colour Opals, Black Opals, Fire Opals Various Shades of Garnets, Pyrope Garnet, Almadine Garnet, Brown Hessonite Garnet, Kelly Green Tsavorite garnet, Orange Mandarin Spessartite Garnet, Grossular Garnets, Beryls, Golden Beryl, Lemon Beryl, Pink Beryl, Morganite, Blue Beryl, Aquamarine, White Beryl, Goshenite, Amethyst, Ametrine, Citrine, Prasiolite, Agate, Jasper, Chalcedony, gemstones Peridots, Lapis Lazulli, Malachite, Crysoberyl Cat,s Eye, Alexandrite, Natural Pearls, South Sea Pearls & Cultured Pearls. Tanzanite, Lapidolite, Kunzite, Variscite, Topaz, Jade,Fluorite, Andalusite, Apatite, Aragonite, Axinite, Azurite, Iolite, Danburite, Diopside, Epidote, Kyanite, Azur-malachite, Rhodochrosite, Rhodonite, Scapolite, Jadeite, Sodalite, etc... Faceted precision cut gemstones, that are being used to make some of the finest of gold and platinum jewelry, set of course with loose stones from Mahavir Gems. Kaushik S Sanghvi, Kaushik, Kaushik Sir at MIJM, Kaushik Sir at ARY Academy, Kaushik Sir at MARS, Kaushik Sanghvi, Kaushik Sumanlal Sanghvi, Kaushik Sanghvi of Mumbai, Kaushik Sanghvi at Dhanji Street Mumbai,

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Gemstone

Ruby

Species

Corundum

Traditionally ruby is considered as ratna raja, i.e., the king of gems. In the sacred navaratna ring it occupies the central position, as it represents the Sun. Best shade of colour is compared to the colour of blood oozing from the nostrils of a freshly killed pigeon. Although ruby has a touch of purple and the pink coloured corundum is not considered as ruby, but are just called as pink sapphire. Ruby appears more stunning in bright incandescent light. The quality of ruby, however, has to be judged in daylight. There is a tendency of increase in flaws as the colour deepens. This relationship can be seen not only in ruby, but also in emerald and to some extent in blue sapphire. Flawless deep coloured· rubies of over 5 carats are exceedingly rare. Fine quality rubies of less than one carat are not infrequent and prices are affordable.

Rubies over one carat size fetch enormous price and those that weigh more than 5 carats are priceless. Red colour of ruby is due to cromium (Cr203 ) present in solid solution. In low concentration colour is pale, inclining to pink. With a concentration between 1 % and 4%, colour deepens.

Some amount of iron is generally present in ruby, which reduces the richness of red shade. With a higher amount of iron ruby turns brownish. Chromium-rich rubies impart red fluorescence, especially in LW -UV like red hot charcoal. The fluorescence, however, is quenched by iron content. Ironrich rubies may not fluoresce at all, especially in SW-UV, e.g. Thai rubies, and Kenyan rubies and rubies from Karur (TN).

Synthetic rubies grown by using only chromium impurity fluoresce with dazzling red colour. In fact, many Burmese and Sri Lankan rubies are sometimes mistaken for synthetic rubies, as they possess very low iron content exhibiting strong luminescence. Natural rubies do not phosphoresce, whereas synthetic stones phosphoresce after exposing to X-rays (Anderson, 1990).

Absorption spectra of rubies reveal the characteristic doublet at 694.2 and 692.8nm. In the small hand spectroscope it may appear like a single line. The other lines are at 668, 695.5, 476.5, 475 and 468.5 nm.

Pleochroism is quite distinct in rubies; Therefore, the best shade of colour is obtained when the table is cut parallel to the basal plane. In this direction, however, ruby is nonpleochroic and may be confused for a red spinel. It can be further ascertained by observing the stone in conoscopic condition when it reveals uniaxial interference figure. Colour zoning is common in ruby. Colour bands and growthlines run in straight lines with hexagonal kinks or colour may occur in patches, but the bands and growth lines are curved in synthetic Vemeuil ruby under magnification.

The presence of rutile needles only in certain spots provides a confirmatory test for natural stones . Higher concentration of needles produces undesirable pattern of silk. For the production of asterism needles have to be dense and uniformly distributed. Existence of parting planes or twinning furnishes another testimony for natural stone. Some flux grown synthetic corundums, however, may also exhibit 2-3 sets of bands known as plato lines appearing like parting planes (Webster, 1994). These intersect at 60° and 120° when viewed in the direction of optic axis.

In natural corundum when two sets of polysynthetic twinning bands parallel to rhombohedron are seen, they intersect nearly at right angles (86°04' and 93°56') and this direction does not coincide with c axis/optic axis. Often long needles of uncoloured ex solved boehmite [y-AlO(OH), orthorhombic, RI .... 1.65, d .... 0.015] may be seen concentrated along composition planes. Similarly exsolved haematite platelets may be seen along basal parting planes. Presence of boehmite, often together with diaspore [a-AlO(OH), orthorhombic,RI .... 1.71, d .... 0.04], also has one more significance. Boehmite and diaspore are seen only in unheated natural corundum.

In heat-treated corundum they get dehydrated. Their presence can be determined with the help of Infrared spectroscopy (Smithet al. 1997). Zircon , apatite, spinel, garnet, mica and iron ore and rutile needles are some of the common inclusions found in ruby as well as sapphire.

Zircon inclusions are frequent in ruby. Thai rubies are usually clearer. Some specimens may possess black, opaque ball like inclusions, often surrounded by liquid feathers. Rutile needles are absent in Thai rubies. The rubies from Karur, Tamil Nadu, consist of apatite inclusions. Liquid feather is commonly seen in Sri Lankan stones, especially in sapphires.

Some African rubies have some sort of etch pits which are frequently left as such during cutting in order to save the weight of the stone. Cavities in expensive ruby may be filled by red glass. A close observation can reveal the change in lustre and also the stones may be immersed in RI fluid to notice the contrast.

Spinel (balas ruby), garnet, rubellite and glass imitations are some of the simulants that resemble ruby. Of these, spinel, garnet and glass are isotropic, and rubellite has lower RI and SG and has higher birefringence. Spectroscope examination would also reveal the difference. Greater problem is posed by synthetics.

A vast majority of synthetics, however, are grown by Verneuil method and have distinct features; high clarity, gas bubbles, curved growth lines and very strong fluorescence. As mentioned before some times the Verneuil ruby is heated to a high temperature and suddenly quenched to simulate flaws as in natural stone.

Nevertheless air bubbles are still visible in these stones. Synthetic rubies grown by other methods such as flux-fusion and Czochralski technique are not commonly encountered in Indian market. Flux-fusion ruby may contain liquid feather like inclusions. Exsolved boehmite needles and rhombohedral partings are not seen in synthetic rubies.